Dennis owned a small family business and earned a modest income. As he approached his retirement years, he worried have enough to provide for a comfortable retirement. He has always been very conservative with his money and suspicious of seeking counsel from a financial management company.
THE SOLUTION
One of Dennis’s friends recommended CD Wealth Management as a group of experts he could trust. Andy Dropkin and his team began meeting regularly with Dennis to help him get an overview of his financial picture. Respecting his conservative approach to money, they recommended and helped him buy individual bonds. At the time, Dennis had his money invested with another financial services company. Despite that, Andy reviewed Dennis’s portfolio and recommended changes to optimize his assets over his remaining working years.
Andy and the CD Wealth Management team developed a solid working relationship that has lasted more than a decade. In the years working with Dennis, Andy helped Dennis diversify his portfolio and helped him to invest his proceeds after the sale of his business.
Now Dennis enjoys his retirement knowing his future is secure with a large portion of his money in tax free bonds and the remainder in equities. Dennis is taking care of his wife and set aside money for his grandchildren’s education. He even has recommended Andy and the CD Wealth Management team to his estate planning attorney who has been so impressed, that he recommends CD Wealth Management to his clients.
Dennis is a real client. His name has been changed to protect his privacy.
Robert has worked a job since he was a teenager. For more than 50 years, he has devoted himself to his wife and family and building a successful business. Robert has decided that it is finally time to sell the business and spend more time traveling with his wife to visit their children and grandchildren. More importantly, he wants to make certain that the proceeds from the sale of his business will comfortably support their retirement and leave a financial legacy for his family that will provide college for his grandchildren and sizable donations to the charities he and his wife support.
THE SOLUTION
As a client of CD Wealth Management for more than 20 years, Robert meets regularly with Ilona Friedman and her team to go over his business and personal finances ensuring that everything is on track to help and his wife enjoy a portion of his income tax-free in their retirement. Now that he is ready to sell his business, Ilona has been meeting more frequently with Robert and his wife to create a game-plan for the transfer of their wealth with their children and grandchildren. The team has met with Robert’s attorney and CPA to finalize a plan for the sale of the business. They also have created a plan to distribute donations to their favorite non-profits in a thoughtful way that aligns with both the charitable and family legacy. Robert sees his role as patriarch of the family as financially protecting his family and enabling them to enjoy the blessings of the success he has built over his lifetime. His decades-long relationship with CD Wealth Management has given him the confidence that his multi-generational legacy is secure.
Robert is a real client and his story is true. We have changed his name to protect his privacy.
The day-to-day demands of caring for both an aging parent and children can put a tremendous strain — both emotional and financial — on the primary caregiver. This is especially true when adult siblings or family members don’t agree on the best course of action for elder care, don’t pitch in to do their share, or don’t contribute enough financially to the cost of that care.
The first thing to do is get yourself in the proper mindset. This life phase could last one or two years, or it could last many more. In any case, try to treat this stage as a marathon and pace yourself; you don’t want to start sprinting right out of the gate and burn out too soon.
Encourage open communication with your family to figure out ways to share the financial, emotional, and time burdens. Hold regular meetings to discuss issues, set priorities, and delegate tasks. Women are often conditioned to believe they have to “do it all,” but there is no reason why adult siblings (if you have any) can’t share at least some of the workload.
It’s important for caregivers to get their own financial house in order. Ironically, at the very time you need to do this, the demands of caregiving may cause you to lose income because you have to step back at work — through reduced hours, unpaid time off, or turning down a promotion. Here are some tips to get your finances on track:
Considering your needs
This stage of your life could last many years, or just a few. Try to pace yourself so you can make it for the long haul. As much as you can, try to get adequate sleep, eat nutritiously, and exercise — all things that will increase your ability to cope. Don’t feel guilty about taking time for yourself when you need it, whether it’s a couple of hours holed up with a book or out to the movies, or a longer weekend getaway. When you put your own needs first occasionally and look after yourself, you’ll be in a better position to care for those around you.
Establish a budget and stick to it. Having a realistic budget can help you balance your income and expenses and keep your finances on track.
Invest in your own future by putting as much as you can into your retirement plan, and avoid raiding it to pay for your parent’s care or your child’s college education.
Don’t quit your job before exploring other arrangements. If you need more time at home than vacation or personal days can provide, ask your employer if you can telecommute, flex your hours, reduce your hours temporarily, or take unpaid leave. Another option is to enroll your parent in an adult day-care program or hire a home health aide to fill the gaps. Some employers offer elder-care resource locators or other caregiving support as an employee benefit, so make sure to check. Permanently leaving your job should be a last resort — time out of the workforce will reduce not only your earnings but possibly your Social Security benefit at retirement as well.
Caring for your parents
Talk to your parents about their financial resources. Do they have retirement income? Long-term care insurance? Do they own their home? Learn the whereabouts of all their documents and accounts, as well as the financial professionals and friends they rely on for advice and support.
Much depends on whether your parent is living with you or out of town. If your parent lives a distance away, you’ll have to monitor his or her welfare from afar — a challenging task. Though caregiving can be a major stress on anyone, distance can magnify it — daily phone calls or video chats might not be enough, and traveling to your parent’s home can be expensive and difficult to manage with your work and family responsibilities.
If your parent’s needs are great enough, you may want to consider hiring a geriatric care manager, who can help oversee your parent’s care and direct you to the right community resources, and/or a home health aide, who can check in on your parent during the week. Here are some things you should do:
Take inventory of your parent’s assets and consolidate his or her financial accounts.
Get a current list of the medicines your parent takes and the doctors he or she sees.
Have your parent establish a durable power of attorney and health-care directive, which gives you legal authority to handle financial and health-care decisions if your parent becomes incapacitated. And make sure your parent has a will.
Consider consulting a tax professional to see if you might be entitled to potential tax benefits as a result of your caregiving; for example, you might be able to claim your parent as a dependent.
If your parent’s needs are great enough, you might need to go a step further and explore assisted-living options or nursing homes.
Try to treat this stage as a marathon and pace yourself; you don’t want to start sprinting right out of the gate and burn out too soon.
Eventually, you might decide that your parent needs to move in with you. In that case, here are some suggestions to make that transition:
Talk with your parent in advance about both of your expectations and concerns.
If possible, set up a separate room and phone for your parent for some space and privacy.
Research local programs to see what resources are offered for seniors; for example, the senior center may offer social gatherings or adult day care that can give you a much needed break.
Ask and expect adult siblings to help out. Siblings who may live far away and can’t help out physically on a regular basis, for example, can make a financial contribution that can help you hire assistance. They can also research assisted-living or nursing home options. Don’t try to do everything yourself.
Keep the lines of communication open, which can go a long way to the smooth running of your multigenerational family.
Meeting the needs of your children
Your children may be feeling the effect of your situation more than you think, especially if they are teenagers. At a time when they still need your patience and attention, you may be preoccupied with your parent’s care, meeting your work deadlines, and juggling your financial obligations. Here are some things to keep in mind as you try to balance your family’s needs:
Explain what changes may come about as you begin caring for your parent. Talk honestly about the pros and cons of having a grandparent in the house, and be sympathetic and supportive of your children (and your spouse) as they try to adjust. Ask them to take responsibility for certain chores, but don’t expect them to be the main caregivers.
Discuss college plans. Encourage realistic expectations about the college they may be able to attend. Your kids may have to settle for less than they wanted, or at least get a job to help meet costs.
Teach your kids how to spend wisely and set financial priorities.
Try to build in some special time with your children doing an activity they enjoy.
If you have “boomerang children” who’ve returned home, make sure to share your expectations with them, too. Expect help with chores (above and beyond their own laundry and meal prep), occasional simple caregiving, and a financial contribution to monthly household expenses.
*Alzheimer’s Association report, 2019 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures
Most early retirement offers include a severance package that is based on your annual salary and years of service at the company. For example, your employer might offer you one or two weeks’ salary (or even a month’s salary) for each year of service. Make sure that the severance package will be enough for you to make the transition to the next phase of your life. Also, make sure that you understand the payout options available to you. You may be able to take a lump-sum severance payment and then invest the money to provide income or use it to meet large expenses. Or, you may be able to take deferred payments over several years to spread out your income tax bill on the money.
How does all of this affect your pension?
If your employer has a traditional pension plan, the retirement benefits you receive from the plan are based on your age, years of service, and annual salary. You typically must work until your company’s normal retirement age (usually 65) to receive the maximum benefits. This means that you may receive smaller benefits if you accept an offer to retire early. The difference between this reduced pension and a full pension could be large because pension benefits typically accrue faster as you near retirement. However, your employer may provide you with larger pension benefits until you can start collecting Social Security at age 62. Or, your employer might boost your pension benefits by adding years to your age, length of service, or both. These types of pension sweeteners are key features to look for in your employer’s offer — especially if a reduced pension won’t give you enough income.
Does the offer include health insurance?
Does your employer’s early retirement offer include medical coverage for you and your family? If not, look at your other health insurance options, such as COBRA, a private policy, dependent coverage through your spouse’s employer-sponsored plan, or an individual health insurance policy through either a state-based or federal health insurance Exchange Marketplace. Because your health-care costs will probably increase as you age, an offer with no medical coverage may not be worth taking if these other options are unavailable or too expensive. Even if the offer does include medical coverage, make sure that you understand and evaluate the coverage. Will you be covered for life, or at least until you’re eligible for Medicare? Is the coverage adequate and affordable (some employers may cut benefits or raise premiums for early retirees)? If your employer’s coverage doesn’t meet your health insurance needs, you may be able to fill the gaps with other insurance.
What will happen if you say no?
If you refuse early retirement, you may continue to thrive with your employer. You could earn promotions and salary raises that boost your pension. You could receive a second early retirement offer that’s better than the first one. But, you may not be so lucky. Consider whether your position could be eliminated down the road.
If the consequences of saying no are hard to predict, use your best judgment and seek professional advice. But don’t take too long. You may have only a short window of time, typically 60 to 90 days, to make your decision.
What other benefits are available?
Some early retirement offers include employer-sponsored life insurance. This can help you meet your life insurance needs, and the coverage probably won’t cost you much (if anything). However, continued employer coverage is usually limited (e.g., one year’s coverage equal to your annual salary) or may not be offered at all. This may not be a problem if you already have enough life insurance elsewhere, or if you’re financially secure and don’t need life insurance. Otherwise, weigh your needs against the cost of buying an individual policy. You may also be able to convert some of your old employer coverage to an individual policy, though your premium will be higher than when you were employed.
In addition, a good early retirement offer may include other perks. Your employer may provide you and other early retirees with financial planning assistance. This can come in handy if you feel overwhelmed by all of the financial issues that early retirement brings. Your employer may also offer job placement assistance to help you find other employment. If you have company stock options, your employer may give you more time to exercise them. Other benefits, such as educational assistance, may also be available. Check with your employer to find out exactly what its offer includes.
Can you afford to retire early?
To decide if you should accept an early retirement offer, you can’t just look at the offer itself. You have to consider your total financial picture. Can you afford to retire early? Even if you can, will you still be able to reach all of your retirement goals? These are tough questions that a financial professional should help you sort out, but you can take some basic steps yourself.
Identify your sources of retirement income and the yearly amount you can expect from each source. Then, estimate your annual retirement expenses (don’t forget taxes and inflation) and make sure your income will be more than enough to meet them. You may find that you can accept your employer’s offer and probably still have the retirement lifestyle you want. But remember, these are only estimates. Build in a comfortable cushion in case your expenses increase, your income drops, or you live longer than expected.
If you don’t think you can afford early retirement, it may be better not to accept your employer’s offer. The longer you stay in the workforce, the shorter your retirement will be and the less money you’ll need to fund it. Working longer may also allow you to build larger savings in your IRAs, retirement plans, and investments. However, if you really want to retire early, making some smart choices may help you overcome the obstacles. Try to lower or eliminate some of your retirement expenses. Consider a more aggressive approach to investing. Take a part-time job for extra income. Finally, think about electing early Social Security benefits at age 62, but remember that your monthly benefit will be smaller if you do this.
If you don’t think you can afford early retirement, it may be better not to accept your employer’s offer.
What if you can’t afford to retire? Finding a new job
You may find yourself having to accept an early retirement offer, even though you can’t afford to retire. One way to make up for the difference between what you receive from your early retirement package and your old paycheck is to find a new job, but that doesn’t mean that you have to abandon your former line of work for a new career. You can start by finding out if your former employer would hire you as a consultant. Or, you may find that you would like to turn what was once just a hobby into a second career. Then there is always the possibility of finding full-time or part-time employment with a new company.
However, for the employee who has 20 years of service with the same company, the prospect of job hunting may be terrifying. If you have been out of the job market for a long time, you might not feel comfortable or have experience marketing yourself for a new job. Some companies provide career counseling to assist employees in re-entering the workforce. If your company does not provide you with this service, you may want to look into corporate outplacement firms and nonprofit organizations in your area that deal with career transition.
Note: Many early retirement offers contain non-competition agreements or offer monetary inducements on the condition that you agree not to work for a competitor. However, you’ll generally be able to work for a new employer and still receive your pension and other retirement plan benefits.
Deciding between prepaying your mortgage and investing your extra cash isn’t easy, because each option has advantages and disadvantages. But you can start by weighing what you’ll gain financially by choosing one option against what you’ll give up. In economic terms, this is known as evaluating the opportunity cost.
Here’s an example. Let’s assume that you have a $300,000 balance and 20 years remaining on your 30-year mortgage, and you’re paying 6.25% interest. If you were to put an extra $400 toward your mortgage each month, you would save approximately $62,000 in interest, and pay off your loan almost 6 years early.
By making extra payments and saving all of that interest, you’ll clearly be gaining a lot of financial ground. But before you opt to prepay your mortgage, you still have to consider what you might be giving up by doing so – the opportunity to potentially profit even more from investing.
To determine if you would come out ahead if you invested your extra cash, start by looking at the after-tax rate of return you can expect from prepaying your mortgage. If you plan on itemizing deductions on your tax returns, this is generally less than the interest rate you’re paying on your mortgage, once you take into account any tax deduction you receive for mortgage interest. Once you’ve calculated that figure, compare it to the after-tax return you could receive by investing your extra cash. Could you receive a higher after-tax rate of return if you invested your money instead of prepaying your mortgage?
Keep in mind that the rate of return you’ll receive is directly related to the investments you choose. All investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal, and there can be no assurance that any investment strategy will be successful. Investments with the potential for higher returns may expose you to more risk, so take this into account when making your decision.
Other points to consider
While evaluating the opportunity cost is important, you’ll also need to weigh many other factors. The following list of questions may help you decide which option is best for you.
By making extra payments and saving all interest, you’ll clearly be gaining a lot of financial ground. But before you opt to prepay your mortgage, you still have to consider what you might be giving up by doing so.
What’s your mortgage interest rate? The lower the rate on your mortgage, the greater the potential to receive a better return through investing.
Does your mortgage have a prepayment penalty? Most mortgages don’t, but check before making extra payments.
How long do you plan to stay in your home? The main benefit of prepaying your mortgage is the amount of interest you save over the long term; if you plan to move soon, there’s less value in putting more money toward your mortgage.
Will you have the discipline to invest your extra cash rather than spend it? If not, you might be better off making extra mortgage payments.
Do you have an emergency account to cover unexpected expenses? It doesn’t make sense to make extra mortgage payments now if you’ll be forced to borrow money at a higher interest rate later. And keep in mind that if your financial circumstances change–if you lose your job or suffer a disability, for example–you may have more trouble borrowing against your home equity.
How comfortable are you with debt? If you worry endlessly about it, give the emotional benefits of paying off your mortgage extra consideration.
Are you saddled with high balances on credit cards or personal loans? If so, it’s often better to pay off those debts first. The interest rate on consumer debt isn’t tax deductible, and is often far higher than either your mortgage interest rate or the rate of return you’re likely to receive on your investments.
Are you currently paying mortgage insurance? If you are, putting extra toward your mortgage until you’ve gained at least 20% equity in your home may make sense.
How will prepaying your mortgage affect your overall tax situation? For example, prepaying your mortgage (thus reducing your mortgage interest) could affect your ability to itemize deductions (this is especially true in the early years of your mortgage when you’re likely to be paying more in interest). It’s important to note that due to recent tax law changes, specifically the increase in the standard deduction, many individuals aren’t itemizing their taxes and are no longer taking advantage of the mortgage interest deduction.
Have you saved enough for retirement? If you haven’t, consider contributing the maximum allowable each year to tax-advantaged retirement accounts before prepaying your mortgage. This is especially important if you are receiving a generous employer match. For example, if you save 6% of your income, an employer match of 50% of what you contribute (i.e., 3% of your income) could potentially add thousands of extra dollars to your retirement account each year. Prepaying your mortgage may not be the savviest financial move if it means forgoing that match or shortchanging your retirement fund.
How much time do you have before you reach retirement or until your children go off to college? The longer your timeframe, the more time you have to potentially grow your money by investing. Alternatively, if paying off your mortgage before reaching a financial goal will make you feel much more secure, factor that into your decision.
If you need to invest for an important goal, but you also want the satisfaction of paying down your mortgage, there’s no reason you can’t do both.
The middle ground
If you need to invest for an important goal, but you also want the satisfaction of paying down your mortgage, there’s no reason you can’t do both. It’s as simple as allocating part of your available cash toward one goal, and putting the rest toward the other. Even small adjustments can make a difference. For example, you could potentially shave years off your mortgage by consistently making biweekly, instead of monthly, mortgage payments, or by putting any year-end bonuses or tax refunds toward your mortgage principal.
And remember, no matter what you decide now, you can always reprioritize your goals later to keep up with changes to your circumstances, market conditions, and interest rates.
More and more people are looking to put their personal capital to work in support of society and their communities. And Congress gave them a new way to do just that when it passed the comprehensive tax reform law in late 2017. Among the many changes in the law was a section that encouraged taxpayers to invest in economically distressed communities across the United States and, in return, potentially receive very favorable capital gains tax breaks.
In October 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued proposed regulations to clarify the tax laws surrounding Opportunity Zones and Opportunity Funds, hoping to reduce uncertainty and encourage investors to get involved. A second set of regulations proposed in April 2019 provided additional clarity, easing many of the remaining concerns and driving increased interest among investors. As a result, we are likely to see the formation of additional Opportunity Funds moving forward.
Rules Vary State-to-State
Some states have yet to bring their tax rules into conformance with the federal Opportunity Zone rules. For example, New York has done so, while California has not.
How It Works
Investors who realize a short-term or long-term capital gain from the sale of such investments as securities, collectibles, real estate or businesses can reinvest those gains in what is called a Qualified Opportunity Fund (QOF). These funds are corporations or partnerships (which may include some LLCs) that invest in businesses or assets in any of the nearly 9,000 low-income communities within the United States or its possessions certified by the U.S. Treasury as Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZ).
Breaking Down the Benefits
Investing in a QOF may allow you to defer recognition of a capital gain on your income tax return, so long as you reinvest that gain into a QOF within 180 days of realizing it. (There are some exceptions to this deadline.) You then defer recognition of the capital gain until December 31, 2026, or until you sell or dispose of the investment, whichever comes first.
In addition to the deferral, taxpayers can reduce the taxable capital gain by 10% or 15% if they hold their QOF investment for five or seven years, respectively, and the deferral period hasn’t ended. That means to qualify for the 10% reduction, the capital gain would need to be reinvested into a QOF by December 31, 2022, and for the full 15% reduction, it would need to be reinvested by the end of 2024.
Perhaps the greatest tax benefit is reserved for taxpayers willing to make a truly long-term commitment to the investment in a QOF. Any gain realized after the investment in the fund can be considered eliminated for tax purposes if the investor holds the investment for 10 years and then sells it by 2047.
In identifying partners to manage Opportunity Zone investments, it’s important to pay close attention to past discipline in capital allocation.
Looking Out for Yourself
It should be noted that to realize the full benefits of this program, investors must commit to holding illiquid assets for at least 10 years. In addition, some QOFs (1) might hold only a single asset — or multiple assets that may not be well-diversified in terms of industry and geography:
Investing in a QOF
Capital gain on your income tax return
Deferral of capital gain
Generating a majority of gross income from your community
